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saline
- For other uses, see Saline.
In medicine, saline is a solution of sodium chloride in sterile water, used commonly for intravenous infusion, rinsing contact lenses, and nasal irrigation or jala neti. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ordinary salt. Saline solutions are available in various concentrations for different purposes.
Normal saline is the solution of 0.9% w/v of NaCl. It contains 154 mEq/L of Na+ and Cl−. It has a slightly higher degree of osmolality (i.e. more solute per liter) compared to blood (hence, though it is referred to as being isotonic with blood in clinical contexts, this is a technical inaccuracy), about 300 mOsm/L. Normal saline (NS) is therefore used frequently in intravenous drips (IVs) for patients who cannot take fluids orally and have developed severe dehydration. Normal saline is typically the first fluid used when dehydration is severe enough to threaten the adequacy of blood circulation and is the safest fluid to give quickly in large volumes.
Other concentrations of saline are frequently used for other purposes, such as supplying extra water to a dehydrated patient or supplying the daily water and salt needs ("maintenance" needs) of a patient who is unable to take them by mouth. Because infusing a solution of low osmolality can cause problems, intravenous solutions with reduced saline concentrations typically have dextrose (glucose) added to maintain a safe osmolality while providing less sodium chloride. As the molecular weight (MW) of dextrose is greater, this has the same osmolality as normal saline but contributes less sodium to the circulation. Because dextrose monohydrate (MW 198 in contrast to MW 180 for glucose) is the commercial form of dextrose used in these preparations, 5% dextrose actually contains only 4.5 g/dL of glucose.
Concentrations commonly used include
- Half-normal saline (0.45% NaCl), often with "D5" (5% dextrose), contains 77 mEq/L of Na and Cl and 4.5 g/L glucose.
- Quarter-normal saline (0.22% NaCl) has 39 mEq/L of Na and Cl and always contains 5% dextrose for osmolality reasons.
- Dextrose (glucose) 4% in 0.18% saline is used sometimes for maintenance replacement.
The amount of normal saline infused depends largely on the needs of the patient (e.g. ongoing diarrhoea or heart failure) but is typically between 1.5 and 3 litres a day for an adult.
See also
- Intravenous therapy
- Lactated Ringer's solution
Categories: Medical treatment stubs | Pharmacology stubs | Intravenous fluids |
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Fluid resuscitation with saline or albumin: outcomes are similar
British Medical Journal - Nov 16 10:19 PM Objective To determine whether outcomes of resuscitation with albumin or saline in the intensive care unit depend on patients' baseline serum albumin concentration.Save
Man Arrested in Saline County Internet Predator Sting
KATV Little Rock - Nov 15 8:40 PM Saline county - The Internet Sex Predator Stings in Saline County took an unusual turn Wednesday afternoon. The Shannon Hills Police Department and the Saline County Sheriff's Department have been conducting online sting operations for several months.Save
Saline County voters show independence - majority like status quo
Benton Courier - Nov 15 1:23 PM Headlines in many newspapers across the country Wednesday told of voters returning Democrats to power. But Saline County voters decided to go a different way.Save
US-12 work in Saline raises concern
Ann Arbor News - Nov 15 7:52 AM The public got a preview Tuesday of the major road reconstruction that will take over a busy stretch of US-12 in Saline next spring.Save
Observations on a Saline County election
Benton Courier - Nov 16 10:23 AM Major surprises - None, really. A few of the incumbents who lost shouldn't be surprised, either. They were damaged goods and they had worthy opponents. The few include Benton Alderman Ray Freeman, Bauxite Mayor Eddie Jones and several members of the Bauxite City Council.Save
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