salvation army

The Salvation Army is an evangelical Christian denomination founded in 1865 by one time Methodist minister William Booth. It is more famously known as a charity and social services organization. The international headquarters is at 101 Queen Victoria Street, London, England, with thousands of branches around the world. As a denomination, it is not as widespread. It is sometimes affectionately referred to as the "Sally Ann" in Canada, "Sally Army" in the UK and New Zealand, and the "Salvos" in the US and Australia.

History

The Salvation Army was founded by William and Catherine Booth in London in 1865 as an Evangelical movement called the Christian Revival Association but changed its name to East London Christian Mission. After starting the work outside the East End, the name changed to The Christian Mission.

In 1878, the name was changed to The Salvation Army (apparently by the request of an initial member; the Christian Mission's mission-statement originally called the organization a 'volunteer army', and the speaker felt that he wasn't strictly a 'volunteer') and a quasi-military outlook was adopted. On March 10, 1880, Commissioner George Scott Railton (AKA "Big Scottie") and seven young women arrived in the USA and began operations.

The Salvation Army's main converts were at first alcoholics, drug addicts, prostitutes and other "undesirables" of society. As a result of Booth's pragmatic approach to ministry, they decided not to include the use of sacraments (mainly baptism and Holy Communion) in the Army's form of worship, believing that many Christians had come to rely on the outward signs of spiritual grace rather than on grace itself. William and his wife Catherine Booth felt that much of what passed for Christianity in their day was primarily an observance of outward ritual. Other beliefs of The Salvation Army are that its members should completely refrain from drinking alcohol (Holy Communion is not practiced), smoking, taking illegal drugs, and gambling. Its soldiers wear a uniform tailored to the country they work in; they can be white, grey, navy, fawn and are even styled like a sari in some areas. Any member of the public is welcome to attend their church services.

As The Salvation Army grew rapidly in the late 1800s, it generated opposition in England. Opponents, grouped under the name of the Skeleton Army, disrupted Salvation Army meetings and gatherings, the usual tactics being the throwing of rocks, rats, and tar, and physical assaults on members of The Salvation Army. Much of this dislike was caused by the decision of not practicing Holy Communion and Baptism.

The mission of The Salvation Army is to win the world for Jesus, bringing the whole world under the lordship of Jesus Christ. This mandate is based on the Army's interpretation of the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament. The Salvation Army believes, as stated in their first doctrinal statement, that only these scriptures, "constitute the Divine rule of Christian faith and practice."

Worldwide expansion of the Salvation Army

• 1865 - England
• 1874 - Wales
• 1879 - Jersey, Scotland
• 1880 - Australia, Northern Ireland, United States of America
• 1881 - France
• 1882 - Alderney, Canada, Guernsey, India, Sweden, Switzerland
• 1883 - Isle of Man, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka
• 1884 - Ireland, St Helena
• 1886 - Germany, Newfoundland
• 1887 - Denmark, Italy, Jamaica, Netherlands
• 1888 - Norway
• 1889 - Belgium, Finland
• 1890 - Argentina, Uruguay
• 1891 - Zimbabwe, Zululand
• 1894 - Åland (until 1950), Hawaii, Indonesia
• 1895 - Gibraltar (until 1968), Guyana, Iceland, Japan
• 1896 - Bermuda, Malta (until 1972)
• 1898 - Alaska, Barbados
• 1901 - Trinidad & Tobago
• 1902 - Grenada, Saint Lucia
• 1903 - Antigua and Barbuda, St Vincent & the Grenadines
• 1904 - Panamá
• 1907 - Costa Rica
• 1908 - Korea
• 1909 - Chile
• 1910 - Paraguay, Perú
• 1913 - Russia (until 1923)
• 1915 - Belize, Myanmar
• 1916 - China (until 1951), Mozambique, St Kitts
• 1917 - U.S. Virgin Islands
• 1918 - Cuba
• 1919 - Czechoslovakia (until 1950)
• 1920 - Bolivia, Nigeria
• 1921 - Kenya
• 1922 - Brazil, Ghana, Zambia
• 1923 - Latvia (until 1939)
• 1924 - Faroe Islands, Hungary (until 1949)
• 1926 - Suriname
• 1927 - Austria, Estonia (until 1940), Curaçao (until 1980)
• 1930 - Hong Kong
• 1931 - Bahamas, Uganda
• 1933 - French Guiana (until 1952), Tanzania, Yugoslavia (until 1948)
• 1934 - Algeria (until 1970), Congo (Kinshasa), Manchukuo (until 1945)
• 1935 - Singapore
• 1936 - Egypt (until 1949)
• 1937 - Congo (Brazzaville), México, Philippines
• 1938 - Malaysia
• 1950 - Haïti
• 1956 - Papua New Guinea
• 1960 - Swaziland
• 1962 - Puerto Rico
• 1965 - Taiwan
• 1967 - Malaŵi
• 1969 - Lesotho
• 1970 - Bangladesh
• 1971 - Portugal, Spain
• 1972 - Venezuela
• 1973 - Fiji
• 1976 - Guatemala
• 1978 - Canary Islands
• 1980 - French Guiana (recommenced)
• 1985 - Angola, Colombia, Ecuador, Marshall Islands
• 1986 - Tonga
• 1988 - Liberia
• 1989 - El Salvador, Thailand (until 1993)
• 1990 - Czech Republic (recommenced), Hungary (recommenced), Latvia (recommenced)
• 1991 - Russia (recommenced)
• 1992 - Belarus (until 1996), Somalia (until 1995)
• 1993 - Georgia, Ukraine
• 1994 - Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova
• 1995 - Dominican Republic, Estonia (recommenced)
• 1996 - Rwanda
• 1997 - Botswana
• 1999 - St Maarten
• 2000 - Macau
• 2004 - Lithuania, Romania
• 2005 - Falkland Islands, Poland

Current organization and expenditures

The Salvation Army operates in 111 countries and provides services in 175 different languages. For administrative purposes, the organization divides itself geographically into Territories, which are then sub-divided into Divisions. Each Territory has an administrative hub known as Territorial Headquarters (THQ). Likewise, each Division has a Divisional Headquarters (DHQ). For example, Japan is one territory, the United States is divided into four Territories: Eastern, Southern, Central, and Western while Germany & Lithuania together are one territory. Each of these Territories is led by a Territorial Commander who receives orders from the Salvation Army's International Headquarters in London.

After the United Nations, the Salvation Army is the world's largest provider of social aid, with expenditures of $2.6 billion in 2004, helping more than 30 million people. In addition to community centers and disaster relief, the organization does work in refugee camps, especially among displaced people in Africa.

Its membership includes more than 17,000 active and more than 8,700 retired officers , around 100,000 other employees and more than 4.5 million volunteers. It is led by General Shaw Clifton, who has held this position since April 2, 2006 after the 2006 High Council elected him as the next General January 28, 2006.

According to the 2006 Salvation Army Year Book, in the United States there are 85,148 Senior Soldiers and 28,377 Junior Soldiers, 17,396 Adherents and around 60,000 employees. Additionally, there are millions of volunteers.

The ordination of women is allowed in the Salvation Army. Salvation Army officers were previously only allowed to marry other officers; however, this rule has been relaxed in recent years in some countries. Husbands and wives usually share the same rank and have the same or similar assignments--the major exception to this is the General's spouse, who is given the rank of Commissioner.

Music

As the popularity of the organization grew and Salvationists worked their way through the streets of London attempting to convert individuals, they were sometimes confronted with unruly crowds. A family of musicians, named the Frys, began working with the Army as their "bodyguards" and played music to distract the crowds.^{citation needed]}

The tradition of having musicians available continued, and eventually grew into the creation of true bands. Their musical groups, usually a brass band or smaller collection of brass instruments, are seen in public at Army campaigns, as well as at other festivals, parades and at Christmas. Across the world the brass band has been an integral part of the Army’s ministry and an immediately recognizable symbol to Salvationists and non-Salvationists alike. The Salvation Army also has choirs, these are known as Songster Brigades, normally comprising the traditional soprano, alto, tenor and bass singers. The Premier Songster Brigade in the Salvation Army is the International Staff Songsters (ISS).

The standard of playing is high and the Army operates bands at the international level, such as the International Staff Band (a brass band) which is the equal of professional ensembles although it does not participate in the brass band contest scene. Some professional brass players and contesting brass band personnel have come up through The Salvation Army.

Depending on the size, sometimes Salvation Army corps (churches) have brass bands that enhance Sunday meetings or services by accompanying the congregation in the singing of the songs (hymns) and/or during "Praise and Worship" times set aside during the service. See Maidenhead Citadel Band

The Army tradition in music is to use the popular idiom of the day to reach people for Jesus. The Army's Joy Strings were a hit pop group in the 1960s and early 1970s in the UK and beyond, reaching the charts and being featured on national television. Another popular band is The Insyderz, an American ska-core group in the 1990s and early 2000s. Current bands like New Zealand's Moped and The Lads, England's Electralyte, Australia's Soteria Music Ministries, and America's transMission and The Singing Company, carry on this Salvation Army tradition.

Disaster relief

The Salvation Army's first major forays into Disaster Relief resulted from the tragedies of the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and the San Francisco earthquake of 1906. The Salvationists' nationwide appeals for financial and material donations yielded tremendous support, enabling the Army to provide assistance to thousands. General Evangeline Booth, when she offered the services of Salvationists to President Wilson during the First World War thrust Salvation Army social and relief work to newer heights. From being a persecuted religious 'thorn in the flesh', it became a well loved institution.

The Salvation Army is a prominent non-governmental relief agency and is usually among the first to arrive with help after natural or man-made disasters. They have worked to alleviate suffering and help people rebuild their lives. After the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, they arrived immediately at some of the worst disaster sites to help retrieve and bury the dead. Since then they have helped rebuild homes and construct new boats for people to recover their livelihood. Members were prominent among relief organizations after Hurricane Hugo and Hurricane Andrew and other such natural disasters in the US. In August of 2005 they supplied drinking water to poor people affected by the heat wave in the US. Later in 2005 they responded to hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Most recently they have helped the victims of the May 2006 Indonesian Earthquake.

In the year since Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, The Salvation Army has allocated donations of more than $365 million to serve more than 1.7 million people in nearly every state. The Army’s immediate response to Hurricane Katrina included the mobilization of more than 178 canteen feeding units and 11 field kitchens which together have served more than 5.7 million hot meals, 8.3 million sandwiches, snacks & drinks. Its SATERN network of amateur ham-radio operators picked up where modern communications left off to help locate more than 25,000 survivors. And, Salvation Army pastoral care counselors were on hand to comfort the emotional and spiritual needs of 277,000 individuals. As part of the overall effort, Salvation Army officers, employees and volunteers have contributed more than 900,000 hours of service. [1]

The Salvation Army was one of the first relief agencies on the scene of the 9/11 attacks in New York. They provided tea and coffee for all the firemen, police and medical staff. They also provided prayer support for families of missing people.

The Salvation Army, along with the American National Red Cross, Southern Baptist Convention, and other disaster relief organizations, are national members of the National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (NVOAD). [2]

Thrift shops and charity

The Salvation Army is well-known for its network of Thrift Stores or Charity Shops, which raise money for its charitable and religious activities by selling donated used goods such as clothing, housewares, etc. The Salvation Army has a history of free rehabilitation from alcohol and drug abuse. Thrift stores provide the revenue to run the Adult Rehabilitation Centers known as ARC's. The ARC's, located all over the world, are work and Bible based and are usually long term residential facilities.

In many countries The Salvation Army is most recognized during the Christmas season with its volunteers who stand outside of businesses and play/sing Christmas carols, or ring bells to inspire passersby to give donations of cash and checks to the kettles. A tradition has developed in the U.S., where, in some places, gold coins are anonymously inserted into the kettles that the bell ringers collect donations in. This started in 1982, in Crystal Lake, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. Most of the donated coins are worth several hundred U.S. dollars.^{citation needed]}

Family Tracing Service

One programme for which The Salvation Army is internationally renowned is its Family Tracing Service (sometimes known as the Missing Persons Service). This was first formally established in 1885, and the service is now available in most of the countries where The Salvation Army is represented. The objective is to restore (or to sustain) family relationships where contact has been lost for some reason, whether recently or in the distant past. Thousands of people are traced every year on behalf of their families. A world record was attained in 1988 when a brother and sister were reunited after a separation of 81 years.

Youth groups

The Salvation Army includes multiple youth groups, which primarily consist of its Sunday schools and the Scout and Guide pack. Some territories have Salvation Army Guards and Legions Association (SAGALA). In the United States these internal youth groups that are specifically for females are known as Girl Guards (older females) and Sunbeams (younger females). Adventure Corps serves boys who are enrolled in school for first through eighth grade.

The Refuge

Another youth group that has emerged in The Salvation Army is The Refuge, meaning REviving FUture GEnerations. The Refuge was established in The Salvation Army division of Pendel which is in the Eastern Territory of The United States. The Refuge was created and founded by a group of friends and salvationists. It began when this group recognized the need for this type of ministry in their area. The Refuge began in the Spring of 2005. With the aid of dedicated musicians and administrative staff, the Refuge has been a success and continues to be a safe place for worship, fellowship, food, and fun.

Alove UK

In the new millennium, The Salvation Army in the United Kingdom created a sub-brand of itself for the youth, called Alove, the Salvation Army for a new generation. Its purpose is to free the youth of the church and their communities to express themselves and their faith in their own ways. Its mission statement is "Calling a generation to dynamic faith, radical lifestyle, adventurous mission and a fight for justice.", and it emphasizes worship, discipleship, missions, and social action.

Controversy

The Salvation Army in the USA has come under attack for what some people see as discrimination in hiring and for its requirements on how employees should behave. Despite the tax breaks it receives as a registered charity and its government funding (about 11 percent of total revenues, in the form of grants and payments for services), it has a stated policy of discrimination against applicants and employees whose faith or sexual orientation are not acceptable. The Army's position is that because it is a church, Section VII of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964 explicitly guarantees its rights to discriminate in hiring.

In a recent case, the New York Federal Court ruled that organization could use religious criteria in its hiring; that ruling is being appealed by the New York Civil Liberties Union. Other issues in the lawsuit by 19 current and former employees are still under consideration by the trial court.

The State of New York has proposed legislation that requires businesses to offer health benefits to same-sex partners of employees. The Salvation Army opposes this policy and has threatened to close its soup kitchens and shelters across New York.

In July 2001, The Washington Post published a Salvation Army internal memo. According to that document, the Salvation Army and President George W. Bush made a deal: the Salvation Army would support Bush's push on faith based initiatives if Bush made sure that the Salvation Army would be exempt from local and state legislations that prevent discrimination based on sexual orientation. The leak created considerable amount of protest from the gay community and other liberal groups. [3]

In December 2001, a Moscow court ruled that the Salvation Army was a paramilitary organization subject to expulsion. [4] In October 2006, the European Court of Human Rights ruled this decision to be illegal. [5]

Cultural references

George Bernard Shaw's famous play Major Barbara centers around the Salvation Army. In Bertolt Brecht's play Saint Joan of the Stockyards, Joan, the protagonist, is a Lieutenant of the Salvation Army.

The loveable old man character, Harold Bishop, in the long-running Australian television soap series Neighbours, is a member of the Salvation Army.

The song Silver Bells, first sung by Bob Hope and Marilyn Maxwell in the movie The Lemon Drop Kid, was inspired by the imagery of Salvation Army bellringers standing outside department stores every Christmas season.

The Beatles song "Strawberry Fields Forever" was inspired by the Salvation Army's Strawberry Field Children's home in Liverpool, England. Strawberry Field closed in 2005 as a social centre and is now a new prayer and mission centre.

The Simon and Garfunkel song, "Hazy Shade of Winter", includes a line "Hear the salvation army band."

The 1955 film Guys and Dolls follows the fictional love story of Salvation Army Sergeant Sarah Brown, played by Jean Simmons, falling for a hoodlum played by Marlon Brando. The extremely popular film was nominated for, but did not win, an Oscar in 1956. Jean Simmons won the 1956 Best Motion Picture Actress - Musical/Comedy Golden Globe award for her portrayal of Sergeant Sarah Brown. See Salvation Army Filmography for the full list of films featuring the Salvation Army.

The White Stripes have a major hit single, "Seven Nation Army," which is named after Jack White's belief as a child that the Salvation Army was actually called "the Seven Nation Army."

In the 1985 movie Brazil (film) there is a parody called "Consumers for Christ"; their logo is a Cross with the dollar sign and their uniforms resembles the ones of the Salvation Army

See also

• Generals of The Salvation Army
• Chief of the Staff of The Salvation Army
• High Council of The Salvation Army
• Officer of The Salvation Army
• Soldier of The Salvation Army
• The Salvation Army U.S.A. Western Territory
• History of the Salvation Army in Chepstow
• The Salvation Army in Manchester
• Chalk Farm Salvation Army Band
• Maidenhead Citadel Band
• Salvation Army Filmography

External links to websites of The Salvation Army and its members

• The Salvation Army (International)
• The Salvation Army (UK)
• The Salvation Army Community
• History of the Salvation Army
• ArmyBarmy
• The War College
• William Booth In His Only Movie
• SAGALA - Salvation Army Guards and Legions Association
• International Staff Songsters of The Salvation Army
• International Staff Band of The Salvation Army
• Salvation Army Museum Basel, Switzerland
• Alove Website
• Salvation Army International Heritage Centre
• Unsite.org - Free Resources and Ideas for Salvation Army Ministry
• 2006 High Council webpage
• Revolution Hawaii
• Washington Post article regarding the deal between Salvation Army and the Bush administration
• Warcry - Reports from the trenches
• Salvation Army Carolers For Hire
• Newcastle City Temple Songsters, UK
• Chatham Salvation Army, UK
• Salvation Army Maryland/West Virginia Division
• Salvation Army Glendale California
• Salvation Army Collectables

Other external links and references

• The General next to God (Collier Richard)
• God's Army: The Story of the Salvation Army (Brook Stephen)
• McKinley, E.H. (1995). Marching to Glory: The History of the Salvation Army in the United States, 1880-1992. Eerdmans Pub Co. ISBN 0-8028-3761-1.
• Taiz, Lillian (2001). Hallelujah Lads and Lasses: Remaking the Salvation Army in America, 1880-1930. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2621-9.
• Walker, Pamela J. (2001). Pulling the Devil's Kingdom Down: The Salvation Army in Victorian Britain. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22591-0.
• Winston, Diane (2000). Red-Hot and Righteous: The Urban Religion of the Salvation Army. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00396-9.
• Ostling, Richard N.. "The Salvation Army: A distinctive corps simultaneously expands and shrinks", Associated Press, December 15, 2005.